Employee Motivation Programs Essay Example for Free

Employee Motivation Programs EssayKeep your workers inspired by utilizing an employee motivation program inShareYour company flock benefit by employee motivation. Its important to reward your staff for their hard work through recognition, special privileges or gifts. An employee motivation program shows your staff that your company cares to the highest degree their success. Motivate your staff and their production will exceed expectations. Increase production and employee satisfaction as your business implements custody motivation.Employee motivation techniques create the foundation that keeps your workforce happy and productive. Encourage teamwork, which improves your companys success as well as staff motivation. A supportive work atmosphere leads to positive motivation for employees and improves morale. Enjoy workers in the company who have a great attitude and are an example for new staff member joining the organization. Motivating employees can come in many forms. Here ar e a few ideas to get you started1. Consider an employee motivational training program.2. Use employee motivational articles and other materials to inspire your workers.3. Give your gifts as an incentive to increase staff motivation. Implement a training program to increase employees motivation train programs use employee motivation theories to offer the topper classes and training tools for your company. Some of the most successful companies in the world use training programs for worker motivation. Try Dale Carnegie Training is a well-established company that understands the benefits of business employee motivation. Training Camp has on-site training as well as an online computer course. Inspire your crew with employee motivation articles and posters The use of visual aids changes how employees view their success.Weve every last(predicate) seen the motivational posters and articles but these can be more beneficial than you might think. The use of attractive and eye-catching materi als that cover encouragement, innovation, leadership and make it happen, are subjects utilize for motivational posters. Try Successories has an unlimited amount of motivational posters ranging in any subject. Future Think has motivational materials that guide you on how to recognize and reward innovation. bring about worker motivation with incentivesEmployees love rewards for hard work and a wonderful motivational tool is gift incentives. Your staff will strive to do their high hat and it challenges them to improve productivity through friendly competition and recognition for a job well done. Try Swift Prepaid Solutions offers prepaid gift separate that you can use to incite your employees to achieve certain stopping points. You can use them for the best sales or a job well done. Circuit city has a program where you can hand out gift cards to your deserving employees. Employees need to feel encouragement and motivational techniques can achieve the goal of motivating employees on a daily basis. Use an employee motivation survey to gage the morale of your workforce. Ask the staff to indicate what motivates them. Basic choices include recognition, fiscal rewards and special privileges.

The Adventures of Tom Sawyer Essay Example for Free

The Adventures of tomcat sawyer EssayTom Sawyer is ab place a mischievous, curly haired boy who has many arouse adventures. Tom has to scheme his way out of trouble with his strict Aunt Polly and annoying cousin Sid watching him. Tom lives with his Aunt Polly because his poor m another(prenominal) had passed away(p) quite a while ago. Tom purposes into much trouble, at school, and at home. One of Toms biggest adventure takes place in McGuffeys Cave. Tom and a few other children, including the judges daughter Becky Thatcher, go near McGuffeys Cave for a picnic. At the picnic, the children decide to explore the cave. Becky and Tom stray away from the rest of the children, deeper into the cave.Soon, the ferry comes to get the children. All the children get on the ferry, except for Becky and Tom. Toms really in for trouble now Becky and Tom stray farther and farther into the cave, not yet mindful that the ferry has come and gone. The two children only have a candle for light. Tom and Becky short are quite aware that the other children are gone. Becky tires out and says she cannot go any farther, so Tom goes by himself to look for an opening in the cave. When Tom is searching, he sees the murderer, red man Joe, inside the cave The town celebrates, and Beckys father, Judge Thatcher, locks up the cave.Injun Joe, trapped inside, starves to death. The major conflict in the write up is that when Tom and Huck perceive their biggest struggle to be between themselves and Injun Joe, whose gold they want and whom they believe is out to kill them. Conflict also exists between Tom and his imaginative world and the expectations and rules of adult society. While the climax of the written report is when Huck overhears Injun Joes plan to kill the Widow Douglas, and Tom encounters Injun Joe when he and Becky are stranded in the cave. Setting The setting of the story takes place in the fictional town of St.Petersburg, Missouri (which resembles Twains hometown of Hannib al). While the time is not specified, but probably around 1845. Characters Tom Sawyer is the protagonist in the story. Tom is a mischievous boy with an active imagination who spends most of the novel getting himself, and often his friends, into and out of trouble. Despite his mischief, Tom has a good heart and a strong moral conscience. As the novel progresses, he begins to take more seriously the responsibilities of his role as a leader among his schoolfellows. Huckleberry Finn is the son of the town drunk.Huck is a juvenile outcast who is shunned by respectable society and adored by the local boys, who envy his freedom. standardized Tom, Huck is highly superstitious, and both boys are always ready for an adventure. Huck gradually replaces Toms friend Joe Harper as Toms sidekick in his escapades. Becky Thatcher is the Judge Thatchers pretty, yellow-haired daughter. From almost the minute she moves to town, Becky is the Adored Unknown who stirs Toms lively romantic sensibility. Nai ve at first, Becky soon matches Tom as a romantic strategist, and the two go to great lengths to make each other jealous.

Great Expectations by Charles Dickens Essay Example for Free

Great Expectations by Charles Dickens EssayDickens directly introduces the reader to mop who serves both as the retrospective narrator and as the young protagonist of the novel. This works on a devil level get with regard to guiding us through the plot as an omnipotent narrator whilst simultaneously leading us through Pips c ber with the immediacy of a first person narrative. It is clear from the beginning that it is Pips perceptions which entirely define the events and characters of the novel. Dickens utilises this dichotomy in the opening chapter by exploiting Pips narrative perspective. We are introduced to Pip as if in the midst of a pleasant conversation with him, I give Pirrip as my fetchs family name Immediately after however, we are subjected to the unravelling thoughts and fears of a frightened child under threat. This serves to capture our attention and instil a wizard of forgiveness for Pip, for who we fear the worst.Dickens employs Pip as the narrator to pre sent a prospective and prophetic kind between himself and the escaped convict. As a reader, this initially appears to be a strange concept solely based on the power dynamics between Pip and the convict and his demands, with Pip reciprocating for fear of his life. However, as they part, Pip looks back to see the man walking solo into the marshes. This metaphorical image of the convict hugging his shuddering body in both his fortify on the horizons with the gallows, is strikingly familiar to the initial image we had of Pip who was holding himself in the cold, alone in the churchyard with the gravestones of his dead parents. As a reader, it appears that their kin seems to warm at that moment, with the two sharing a common loneliness and marginalisation from society the orphan and the escaped convict. Dickens affairs this characterisation to develop our vagary of Pip, in that whilst Pip is afraid, he instinctively displays a sympathetic reaction and remains resolute.Pips descript ion of the convict when he first meets him seems prolonged in response to the time he would have actually viewed him with, as he only had a moment to see it. Pip describes the convict as a man who limped, and shivered, and glared, and growled. The repetition of the word and before each verb makes the list of the convicts appearance sound considerably longer. The use of an iambic poetic rhythm further reinforces this idea that the list is made to sound longer. The words used to describe the convict are also stressed to sound more than convincing, creating an extended metaphor of an animal. Pip is afraid of this fearful man because of his animal like features and wounds. The portrayal of the convict cannot be easily forgotten for the reader and our image of him becomes almost reality. Dickens gives no clear indication of the mans future in Pips life but he does draw the sense that the convict will re circuit, largely by building up a sense of mystery around the convicts situation and his relationship with Pip.Dickens creates sympathy for Pip by making it explicitly clear that he has been deprived of parental guidance. He has never known his parents, The shape of the garners on my fathers, gave me an odd idea that he was a square, stout, bootleg man, with curly black hair. This image of Pip being completely alone in a desolate cemetery trying to imagine the appearances of his parents makes us commiserate with him. We are also reminded of his youth and innocence with the childish conclusions he arrives at regarding the appearances of his parents. The gravestone reads also Georgiana, wife of the above, and in Pip thinking that his Mothers name is actually also Georgiana, we sympathise with him for his lack of awareness.We are able to establish from this that Mrs Joe Gargery never mentions or talks about their Mother, which again makes us experience his lack of parental love. This light-hearted ponder at the gravestones inscriptions briefly lifts the sombre humor of the chapter which largely revolves around death, and allows Dickens to lessen the dramatic tension building up. We can conclude from this chapter that Pip has experienced bolshy and death at an untimely age but he seems accustomed to it. However, it could also reveal how Pip is lacking in certain life experiences, which we realise could affect him and his choices negatively in the future. We discover that Pips five younger brothers gave up trying to obtain a living exceedingly early in that universal struggle. Whilst they had given in but Pip himself hadnt, it reveals his resilience and strength to succeed. Knowing this, this early in the novel about Pips character, it infuses the reader with a sense of optimism about Pip and his future.Dickens concentrates heavily on the bleak settings and grave moods to prepare the reader for a sense of whats to come in the story, and of Pip. Dickens thoroughly describes the setting of the eerie Kent marshes in detail in order to delive r a definite mood early in the novel. The use of the setting in a graveyard works a mood of isolation and desolation Pip is isolated by the fact he is an orphan. The graveyard itself is described as bleak and overgrown, conveying that it has been neglected much like Pip himself. The repetition of dead and inhumed further lowers the mood. Pip recalls that his most vivid and broad impression of the identity of things is placed at a time between light and dark perhaps symbolising the transition from good to bad, which we realise may be relevant later in Pips life. We see that Pip realises this whilst being shaken upside down by the convict, symbolising that he has a distorted view of things, with them perhaps being upside down themselves.Dickens sets the chapter in a graveyard to deliver a sombre mood. A wide open space seems harsher than an inside enclosed one, and Pip is less familiar with them. The external humans offers Dickens a space to experiment with the idea of Pip being afraid of things he has not previously experienced. This makes Pip feel unsettled and isolated, which is passed on to an involved reader. The derelict setting is further reflected in the mood as Dickens describes the landscape surrounding the churchyard. He continually describes it as a dark flat wilderness which is dreary in appearance and has the possibility to harbour deep and unknown dangers. Obstacles in the marshes such as dykes, mounds, and gates work as visual obstructions for Pip but on a metaphorical level as symbols for possible upcoming obstacles in Pips life. Dickens maintains the use of words such as flat, low and dark which gives an eerie feel and dense mood to the opening chapter.There is also further symbolic representation in Pips surrounding, in that there is both a flowing river and flat, solid ground on the same landscape. This could reflect that there are two ways in which to travel the same distance and that Pip is soon to have to choose a path to take, which will in turn alter his life. This is thought provoking and concerning to us as a reader, whilst simultaneously intensifying the already dampening mood. The marshland is repeatedly represented as a place where good meets sin, and this is clear in the skyline. It has long angry red lines and dense black lines intermixed, and these frightening colours and the darkness of the sky all express Pips vulnerability in this graveyard full of misery, with the pathetic fallacy working to highlight his isolation.There are also only two vertical structures on the horizontal landscape of the marshes a beacon and gallows. The beacons use is to guide sailors home and steer them from danger, whereas gallows are used to attend to criminals for crimes they have committed. These two structures symbolise good and evil and the choices in which Pip is to make leading to either a life of good or a life of sin. The green mounds and nettles all portray the hostility of everything against Pip, with connot ations of something that could hurt him. The thread rushes from the distant vehement lair. This metaphor is used to describe the sea from which the wind is rushing and the use of pathetic fallacy creates a harsh and tense atmosphere of a claustrophobic nature. However, to Pip, the wind is a wild beast and the savage lair is the den from which the wind comes. This further intensifies the sympathy we as a reader have for Pip.To conclude, Dickens utilises the vulnerability and innocence of Pip to evoke both sympathy and anticipation for the young boy and his future. It is the confusion of the opening chapters happenings and the title Great Expectations which makes us as a reader eager to broaden the novel and our journey with Pip.

Teamwork advantage and disadvantage

Team cogitation advantage and disadvantageList and describe three advantages and three disadvantages of teams. From your personal experience, provide an example of one of the advantages and one of the disadvantages. Although teamwork has some advantages, it alike has a number of emf disadvantages. When teams argon successful, they improve productivity, creativity, employee involvement, and even job security. At their worst, teams atomic number 18 unproductive and frustrating, and they waste e actuallyones time. (Thill and Bove, 2008, pgs 40 41)Some advantages let in 1) Increased information and knowledge By bringing together subject matter experts from several areas of a company gives decision-making teams access to the most information viable 2) Increased acceptance of a solution People who are part of making a decision would most likely be the best in helping support, and effectively encouraging others to accept the decision, and 3) Higher performance levels Working in te ams and brainstorming basin actually drive an several(prenominal) to think pop of the box. Teams give one the sense of belonging, of self-worth, dignity and also reduce any stress or tension there may be between workers.A personal example of being on a team that had the advantage of increased information and knowledge was in helping the developer of a Customer race Management database by having everyone on the team give specifics as to what was previseed out of this database. Within six weeks the database was up and running, with a few tweaks here and there since then, provided is still up and running today. Some disadvantages include 1) Groupthink Groupthink occurs when individuals are intimidated, or pressured, into acting a certain way by thinking their opinions are not worth hearing. When in the residuum, their opinions may actually leave been better than the end decision 2) Hidden agendas Some team members may fork over motives of hard to undermine another team mem ber, or that they just simply want to take control of the group and 3) Free riders Free riders are individuals who show no enthusiasm and make no contributions to the decision-making process.A personal example of being on a team that had the disadvantage of having a free rider was during a two-day class that had various activities as a whole. In one of the activities, we were put in groups of five, were given a topic to discuss and list the reasons/outcomes, and then to founder it to the entire group. Since this was not a graded activity, the group chose the free rider to make the presentation. The free rider was not too happy with this group decision, but realized if they would have participated, that someone else may have actually volunteered to make the presentation. The free rider made the presentation with as little enthusiasm as shown during the group activity.Whether youre working on an informal team, which the two most popular typewrites are problem-solving and task force s, or on a formal team that is a committee, companies rely heavily on these teams. Teams merchantman help bring about quicker solutions to problems or ideas that can help the company in the marketplace. This is because the members are employees that should have a vested interest in the company.List and define the three types of audition. Listening is a primary activity. Understanding the nature of listening is the first step toward upward(a) your listening skills. People listen in a variety of ways, which influences what they hear and the meaning they extract. In fact, relying on a single approach to listening limits your effectiveness. (Thill and Bove, 2008, pg 53) present are three of the major types of listening 1) Critical listening Critical listening is analyzing and understanding the speakers message. There are four factors in determining the speakers intentions logic, evidence, conclusion, and implication. If you know that any important information was omitted from the message, ask questions to deter any bias in the way the message is being presented 2) Empathic listening Empathic listening is being able to really understand the emotions behind the speakers message, their feelings, their needs, their wants, and their true passion behind their message. Even if you disagree with their perspective, let them know you understand and can measure their feelings and 3) Active listening Active listening is the ability to turn off your own biases and filters and to show the speaker, by asking questions and also giving supportive feedback, that they truly understand the message the speaker is presenting.The importance of listening in dialogue is enormous. People often focus on their speaking ability believing that salutary speaking equals good communication. The ability to speak well is a necessary component to successful communication. The ability to listen is equally as important. Listening takes work and when it comes to improving our communication t here is no getting around that. (http//EzineArticles.com/210731)Describe two instances in your life when you either used or observed sign-language(a) communication. Define the type of nonverbal communication using the information in the text and discuss how it affected the conversation. Paying special attention to nonverbal signals in the workplace will enhance your ability to communicate successfully. Moreover, as you interact with business associates from other backgrounds, youll discover that some nonverbal signals dont necessarily translate across cultures. The range and variety of nonverbal signals are almost endless, but you can grasp the basics by studying six general categories. (Thill and Bove, 2008, pg 57) Below are two instances in my life where Ive used and observed two out of the six categories, personal appearance and facial expression. I was interviewing a potential employee to work in my restaurant. This individual had several tattoos and body piercings. Now consid ering that a front-line employee is the first person a customer sees when they come into a restaurant, this is not the photograph I wanted my customers to have. Based on the position that this person was interviewing for and that they are coming to an interview dressed this way, they were non-verbally telling me by their personal appearance, that this is what I should expect of them if they were to come to work for me. I truly had a hard time focusing on any of their responses as I couldnt understand how they thought this type of appearance was acceptable to be hire for any type of position in an establishment where they would be take aiming with the public. Needless to say, this person was not hired to work at my restaurant.An instance of observing nonverbal communication was during a mandatory meeting that was called at work and during the meeting one particular individual stood out as you could hear him making little snide remarks about what the speaker was saying, and then us ed the facial expression of rolling his eyes. This individual also would use posture such as slouching in his chair for awhile then he pulled out his cell phone and started to text. The meeting was actually very informative about a new product the company was developing and was asking for everyones input on ideas for marketing. Since this individual was not listening during the meeting, in the end when we all got back to our desks, he had to go around and ask other co-workers what it was he was supposed to do. Most of the workers told him he would need to go ask his supervisor. Whether he did or not, no one knew, nor did anyone know if he turned in his idea. He was around for about another 2 months, and then we heard he had found another job and wouldnt be back. Good communication skills can help you in both your personal and professional life. While verbal and written communication skills are important, research has shown that nonverbal behaviors make up a large percentage of our daily interpersonal communication. (http//psychology.about.com/od/nonverbalcommunication/tp/nonverbaltips.htm) Nonverbal communication has the potential of sending out the wrong message, whether its misinterpreted, or if what you say doesnt match your actions.Describe the measures that help team members resolve conflict. It is inevitable that at some argue in ones professional career they will be on a team where conflict arises. There are numerous reasons for conflict lack of clarity, decisions have already been made on their own and are unwilling to discuss any further, different values, past history/personalities, or one believes there is outcome for some type of resource. There are measures to help team members resolve conflicts Proaction, communication, openness, research, flexibility, fair play, and alliance. Here are descriptions of each of the conflict resolutions as mentioned 1) Proaction is when you work out, deal with, a minor conflict before it erupts into a major conf lict 2) Communication is needed to resolve a conflict. This is accomplished by getting those nowadays involved to communicate to resolve the conflict 3) Openness is getting all feelings out in the open, and then the main issue at hand can be dealt with 4) Research is the need to get the facts for the problem before being able to determine any solutions for the problem 5) Flexibility is being able to be open-minded. Dont let anyones stubbornness get in the way of them being able to consider other solutions to the problem 6) Fair play is not letting anyone tegument behind the rules to avoid getting a fair solution and 7) Alliance is fighting together as opponents of the outside force, rather than fighting against each other.In order to achieve a win-win solution, teams must be aware of, and learn how to keep destructive conflict from diverting their focus and energy, and also how both sides can satisfy their goals, at least to an extent.

Critical Analysis Of Francis Bacon Philosophy Essay

Critical Analysis Of Francis Bacon Philosophy EssayBacon was a re altogethery clear-sighted man. His Essays is a treasure of world philosophy. They teach us those permanent moral principles which constantlyyone must know obligatory. The essay Of Great Places consists of variety of moral maxims yet in this essay he excessively teaches worldly success. All rising to great place is by a winding stair and if there be factions, it is goodly to side a mans self whilst he is rising and to behave himself when he is placed (Bacon). It is clearly a utilitarian advice and it for sure contains a compromise among morality and worldly success (Archer). Even when Bacon convinces the person not badly to say about its predecessor, not because of high ethics, but because of the fact that the person does not follow council would suffer with unpleasant consequences.Key words great place, Francis Bacon, essay, happiness.In his essay Of Great place he discusses how a great position influences person s living and heads on it. Bacon argues that such people hardly may be gifted because they are the first that determine their throw grieves, though they are the last that find their own faults (Bacon). Indeed, great persons may seem skilful but not be happy really. Philosopher is right they should care about new(prenominal) and not commend about themselves. Great identify allow not only to make morality, but also evil. E rattlingthing here depends on the person. Only readiness for making goodness is the majorCRITICAL compendiumjustification for love of power. Merit and good works, is the end of mans motion and conscience of the same is the accomplishment of mans rest stress Bacon and we cannot disagree with him. We have to watch on others mistakes in order to avoid our Reduce things to the first institution, and observe wherein, and how, they have degenerate but yet ask send word of both clock of the ancient time, what is best and of the latter time, what is fittest (B acon). In his essay Bacon gives us some helpful advises that do not lose its currency cashbox today. Indeed, changes are not so good indicator and philosopher is right changeable people are suspicious. So, every change should be explained together with the reasons that caused it. The author also teaches In the discharge of thy place, set before thee the best examples for imitation is a globe of precepts and it is truly important thought.To my mind, it is very current as well. A rope of people got used to create idols and these examples not always the best ones. Very often it is the worst examples but people imitate them because it is fashionably, in tune with the times and everyone follows it. However, it is a big mistake. Only the best examples from the past are able to teach us how to act nowadays. We should learn according to those experiences. Bacon fairly stress that we should learn negative things from other experiences not in order to glorify ourselves and to reproach them, but to learn from those mistakes. I think it is also very significant point toCRITICAL ANALYSISthink it more honor, to direct in chief, than to be busy in all (Bacon). Very often people of great post try to control everything forgetting about their main task and main goals. Power makes them blind. They aspire to rule everything. It is not that should it be like. If to keep one topic from this chic essay, so perhaps I would like to discuss this one great persons had need to borrow other mens opinions, to think themselves happy for if they judge by their own feeling, they cannot find it (Bacon). Well, I agree with this Bacons statement. Great people really devote themselves to others. They must care about all and everyone separately (if it is about some President, for instance). At last, it is truly hard. Indeed However, such devotion to people and their occupation may turn into happiness. Why not? Imagine you rule the country and feel responsibility for each single person. Yes, it is a great response, but there are a lot of examples from history when such great people were really happy with their posts. If you really love your work and what you do, so this makes you feel like you are at your place. Despite of all difficulties, you will be strong enough to worst everything if you like your position. And it is understandstillable. Well, of course, you may be unhappy being at the great place, but only in a case when you are indifferent to other people and events, if you do not feel it is yours. And Bacon is right on order to feel them happy great people should know others opinions. It is understandableCRITICAL ANALYSISbecause they work for others and we may even say live for others. It is responsibility. Only when you feel that you are heard and understood by others, that they appreciate you and follow you, so then(prenominal) you may feel happy. If you will be alone and work for no one being at the great place, so this work will does not have any results, except of negative. You should feel support and comprehension, understanding and gratitude. You must see that all you do is right and not in vain. Have you ever noticed that politics are really successful only when they are appreciated by people? And it is not only about voting, but during it, of course, as well. If people value their power, other ones will appreciate it too. It is simple, by the way an effect of situation if you are loved by someone, especially, by many people, very often others pay a lot of attention to you. Why? Because they see that you affect people somehow, they find something in you, like you for something Consequently, you are bright, interesting, and sociable and you know how to treat people. And it is very important thing. Love of majority is an indicator. Of course, such leaders will feel themselves happy they may be sure that approximately all their deeds are right and helpful. Well, perhaps, you may disagree and say that sometimes even bad politics and leaders in general may be happy but indifferent to their people or workers. It is an opinion that has a right to exist, but ask yourself is it real happiness when you know and feel that others cannot stand you?CRITICAL ANALYSISIs it happiness to realize that all your actions they consider as needless, empty, senseless, harmful, insincere, wrong, awful and so on and so for? To my mind, in this case you cannot feel yourself happy anyway.Work CitiedArcher, Francis Bacon Wordly Wisdom (2011). 16 Jan 2011. Web. 20 May 2011.Bacon, Francis. Essays Of Great Place. Web. 20 May 2011.Fuller, Jean Overton,Sir Francis Bacon (1994). Maidstone, Kent George Mann Books.

Changes in the Family Institution

Changes in the Family InstitutionEvaluate the intrusion changes to the family have in a social and political contextIn order to discuss the changes the family as an institution has gone through and the impact that these changes have had, it is necessary to define the family. The shape family is often used to mean a nuclear family, for example two pargonnts, usually married with one plus chelaren. This definition however, in no time-consuming relevant to twenty first century Britain. Factors including ageing populations which result in households containing no children the delay in having children out-of-pocket to the increase in popularity of make outer disposed(p) independent women single parenthood thrustd by divorce/separation single women conceiving and finally household division, in round other words separated parents remarrying or cohabiting with other partners and their children, cognize as the reconstituted family. Policies are viewed by some as trying to reinforce t his normal view of the family. Many policy makers made the assumption, as dean points out the traditional family consisted of a breadwinning husband who could expect to enjoy purport-long full-time employment, micturateing a wage sufficientto support a dependant wife (2001268). They grapple that this model never did fit societys reality and as a result, many families who do not fill this mould could have progress to to feel estranged from society and its ideology. Kiernan points out that few developments in family life have been quite as dramatic as the recent erects in unwed cohabitation and having children outside of marriage (20023). She also states that we should celebrate the family in all its diverse forms and match polity to support this.Explain the relationship between family structure and mixer Issues.Teenage pregnancies, often portrayed as a socially deviant act are currently on the decline. Lisa Aria puts forward reasons why Policy makers are explaining the occur rence of teenage pregnancies. With contraception and abortion readily available, they suggest that early childbearing must caused by low expectations of mothers. In other words due to poor educational opportunities they see no reason not to get pregnant (Aria, 2003200). Aria however, puts a positive spin on this theory when she states that many boylike mothers have a weak attachment to the education system or paid work before pregnancy, and mothering, for them, is a meaningful vocation and that it should not be read as a sign of immaturity, buts its reverse (212-213).State Intervention.The introduction of the welfare state was originally designed to support a small root of single mothers who were either abandoned or widowed. As Primus and Beeson point out welfare has evolved to serve mostly families headed by divorce, separated, or never married mothers (2002191). The rise of claimants in these categories, and the growth of cohabitation as an alternative to marriage, has caused po licymakers and researchers to question whether welfare and tax policies influence a range of decisions about family, including decisions to marry, have children, or cohabit (Primus and Beeson, 2002121). This reverence over whether means-tested benefits are subconsciously persuading single parent families is reflected in new legislation. Perhaps in a attempt to distance means-tested benefits from single parent families, doyen remarks on how the government has only just stopped short of directly compelling mothers to work (2001271) with the implementation of compulsory work-focused interviews for single parents on income support.Evaluate the impact of key family legislation onMothers.The main legislation to effect mothers is related to the National Childcare Strategy put forward in 1998. Jane Lewis points out the aims were relate to the attack on poverty and social exclusion and this included subsidised childcare (2003219). As Dean points out, these policies can be fuelling personal moral dilemmas (2001274) as policy makers are sending out mixed messages. For example, the government proposed that we place great responsibility on parents for the behaviour of their children (Kroll and Barrett, quoted in Dean 2001), however the extort on parents, especially mothers to become involved with paid employment is persistent. Deans qualitative study entitled Working blood and Parental certificate of indebtedness, found that due to this pressure to find employment encouraged by means-tested benefits such as the Working Tax Credit and the notion of family friendly companies, cause women to take up employment that is temporary, most often part-time and poorly paid. As Bryson and Marsh point out recipients of in-work benefits seldom move on to high paid jobs (1996272) and often are unable to dedicate more time and effort into the paid position due to familial responsibilities. Dean does claim however, that some mothers stated that they viewed their lack of responsibili ty as a positive advantage in so far that their employmentdid not interfere with those commitments that are for them of greater ontological significance (2001276).Fathers.Dean summarizes his research on working parenthood by stating, men (should) have the same incentives as women to combine employment and enate responsibilities (2001283). In 2005, the government announced the proposals of a plan to extend Paternity allowance as a manoeuvre in this direction. As Susan Smillie (2005) states in the Guardian, fathers could fulfil up to three months statutory writing pay if their partner returns to work after six months, on top of the two weeks paid leave known as Statutory Paternity Leave. This is a move in the right direction from a fathers perspective. While this would suit many career-minded women who earn more than their partners do, many mothers would perhaps not be so willing to leave their four/five month old baby with their partner if this was a first child. It has been noted by Dean however, that further developments in maternity allowances could seek to disadvantage women in the workplace if they are not matched by paternity allowances for men, as employers might otherwise become increasingly reluctant to engage women (2001282).Children.The Child Support recreate (1991) is another major legislation that has affected families and their wellbeing. This legislation affects fathers and mothers, however it is the child(ren) at the centre. The aim of the Child Support Act is to recover maintenance from the father, which is then paid to the mother. The Family Law Reform Act (1987) and The Childrens Act (1989) make a clear link between a fathers obligation to make a financial contribution for his childrens care and his right to have contact with them (Burghes, Clarke and Cronin, 1997). However, as Bagilhole points out, where the Child Support Agency retrieved money from absentee fathersit did not benefit many lone mothers and their children because if they w ere dependent on benefits the child support they received was deducted pound for pound from income support (1997124).Analyse the effect of the media on family values and family structures.William Douglas has outlined the representation of the family and the values it promotes in his study cited in Television Families. He states that Post-War television portrayed a family consisting of women who were sexual but predominantly domestic. May (quoted in Douglas) points out that motherhood was the ultimate fulfilment of feminine sexuality (1988140). Douglas states that this could have influenced the rebellion against familial constraints in the 1960s as after the war there were numerous women in work, which did not coincide with the family ideology portrayed in the media. He states that the domestic roles within the household portrayed in contemporary television with regard to chores and child rearing, are more as weighted that in prior decades. Women are usually portrayed as being in p aid employment and that spouses are more openly intimate. He does state however, that unlike modern society, divorce is rare as spouses simply do not divorce, even when relational and/or economic stress appears exquisite (2003112). He states that the ideology present in contemporary media has altered dramatically from the past as it now emphasises personal ambition and achievement rather than family life and family relations (2003134).Works CitedAria, L. (2003) Low Expectations, Sexual Attitudes and Knowledge Explaining Teenage Pregnancy and Fertility in English Communities, The Sociological Review, vol. 51, May, pp.199-215.Bagilhole, B. (1997) Equal Opportunities and Social Policy, Essex Longman Ltd.Dean, H. (2001) Working Parenthood and Parental Obligation, Critical Social Policy, vol. 21, pp 267-286.Douglas, W. (2003) Television Families Is There Something Wrong with Suburbia, Mahwah, NJ Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc.Kiernan, K. (2002) Cohabitation in Western Europe Trends, Is sues, and Implications, in Booth, A. and Crouter, A (ed.) Just backup Together Implications of Cohabitation on Families Children, and Social Policy, Mahwah, NJ Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc.Lewis, J. (2003) Developing Early Years Childcare in England, 1997-2002 The Choices for (Working) Mothers, Social Policy and Administration, vol. 37, June, pp 219-238.Primus, W. and Beeson, J (2002) Safety Net Programs, sexual union and Cohabitation in Booth, A. and Crouter, A (ed.) Just Living Together Implications of Cohabitation on Families Children, and Social Policy, Mahwah, NJ Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc.Smillie, S. (2005) Paternity Leave, The Guardian, 19 October.Internet ResourcesBurghes, L., Clarke, L., Cronin, N. (1997) Fathers and Fatherhood in Britain.www.jrf.org.uk/ familiarity/findings/socialpolicy/sp120.aspUnknown Author, An Introduction on Social Policy Welfare and Society.http//www2.rgu.ac.uk/publicpolicy/introduction/society.htm

moralhod Morality in Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness Essay -- Heart

Morality in The pump of Darkness I trust I shall be forgiven the discovery that all moral philosophy to date was boring and belonged among the soporifics (Nietzsche 561). Maybe so, but the issue of moral philosophy has been discussed though out time and provides a significant element in Conrads story Heart of Darkness. In general, the timeless discussion traces back to the first philosophical writings of Plato and transcends from general phantasmal grounds to general applications and codes of behavior espoused by Kant and Mills. These individuals and lines of thought distort to establish a good code of behavior based on something a benevolent god, extensible codes similar to The Golden Rule, or even relativistic incorporated opinion. Later, in the eighteen hundreds though the turn of the century, popular thought turned around and attacked such codes though works such as Blakes The Marriage of heaven and Hell, and Nietzsches various works like Beyond Good and Evil. In more mo dern times a kind of balancing of those two streams leads to what Richard Garner describes as amorality, or the discarding of a moral organization altogether. Conrad, who wrote Heart of Darkness while his contemporaries were denouncing objective moralities, incorporates much of these philosophies and uses the work as a demonstrative system for a unique morality. Developing a moral system generally runs into quite a few problems mainly, and this affects systems of morality based on Judeo-Christian religious principles, that evil exists in the world. A morality based on a Judeo-Christian God enters into a conflict between the omnibenelovence and that existence, for how could an omnipotent, omniscient and omnibenelovent god forfeit evil to exis... ...strate his own thoughts of a relativistic morality. Works Cited Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness. New York W. W. Norton and Company, 1988. Garner, Richard. The Experience of Philosophy. Ed. Daniel Kolak, Raymond Martin. Belmont Cali fornia Wadsworth create Company, 1996. Guerard, Albert J. The Journey Within. New York W. W. Norton and Company, 1988. Kant, Immanuel. The Experience of Philosophy. Ed. Daniel Kolak, Raymond Martin. Belmont California Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1996. Milton, John. Paradise Lost. New York W. W. Norton and Company, 1993. Nietzsche, Friedrich. Beyond Good and Evil. Trans. Marianne Cowan. Chicago Gateway Editions, 1955. Plato. The four Socratic dialogues of Plato. Trans. Benjamin Jowett. Oxford The Clarendon Press, 1934.